7. cvičení Pojiva I řídká pojiva.

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1 7. cvičení Pojiva I řídká pojiva

2 Budovací tkáně soubor tkání, které tvoří stavební základ obratlovců
funkce oporná, ochranná, zásobní, imunitní... mezodermální původ – diferenciace z embryonálního mezenchymu Složení: buňky mezibuněčné kontakty mezibuněčná hmota amorfní vláknitá (několik základních typů) BS prokaryot – murein, pseudomurein hodně MH X epitely

3 Pojiva MEZIBUNĚČNÁ HMOTA
Vláknitá kolagenní (kolagen) 5 typů různých kolagenů (25 % bílkovin obratlovců) relativně „tlusté“ (protofibrily > mikrofibrily > fibrily > vlákno) nedají se natahovat elastická (elastin) tenké, natahovací na preparátu vlnovky (relaxované) retikulární (retikulin) obzvlášť husté normálně nejsou vidět > stříbření AgNO3 (hnědé až černé) BS prokaryot – murein, pseudomurein

4 Pojiva MEZIBUNĚČNÁ HMOTA
BS prokaryot – murein, pseudomurein Čihák – Anatomie I

5 Pojiva BUŇKY buňky fixní (stálé) buňky volné (bloudivé)
vlastní funkční struktura pojiva fibroblasty / fibrocyty chondroblasty / chondrocyty tendiblasty / tendinocyty osteoblasty / osteocyty buňky volné (bloudivé) odklízecí, imunokompetentní leukocyty (makrofágy, žírné buňky) BS prokaryot – murein, pseudomurein

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7 neaktivní fibroblasty
Pojiva BUŇKY blast X cyt Fibroblasty aktivní sekrece MH < ↑ proteosyntéza < velké jádro drtivá většina extracelulární matrix vřetenovitý tvar s výběžky (spojení sousedních buněk) bohatá výbava organel, vysoká mitotická aktivita pohyblivé Fibrocyty omezená sekrece omezená mitotická aktivita málo organel (mnohdy nejsou vidět) omezený pohyb BS prokaryot – murein, pseudomurein neaktivní fibroblasty

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9 Embryonální mezenchym
relativně volné buňky v řídké extracelulární matrix (pohyblivé) funkčně samostatné vytváří základ všech budovacích tkání zmenšením mezibuněčných prostor a následnou diferenciací buněk vzniká z embryonálního mezenchymu tkáň ektoderm: epidermis - modrá, notochord - oranžová, nervová trubice - zelená endoderm: žlutá mezoderm: mezenchym - červená, svaly - růžová What might look like a pile of fallen leaves with spider webs is actually cells crawling through a matrix to form the middle layer, the mesoderm, in a chick embryo that has been incubated about 24 hours. The current arrangement of these cells is termed mesenchyme -- loosely associated cells functioning as individuals in an extracellular matrix. There are three basic layers in an early embryo, and each of these layers has a mesenchymal component. Mesectoderm cells come from the neural crest, primordial germ cells migrate from extraembryonic endoderm to the gonad rudiments, and all of the mesoderm moves as mesenchyme at some point in early development. This scanning electron micrograph shows most of the mesenchyme cells as smooth-sided shapes apparently suspended in a web. That "web" is what remained of the extracellular matrix after this chick embryo was fixed, critical point dried and coated with thin layer of metal so that it could be viewed in an electron beam. Migrating cells use this web-matrix to move through embryonic spaces. Notice one cell in the middle that looks round and appears to have blisters. Cell biologists call these blisters blebs. Although blebs can be a sign of an abused or dying cell, they are also often a part of the surface of cells in the phase of the cell cycle called G2, just before the cell divides. We cannot be certain what the condition of this cell was just by looking at its exterior, but the good condition of the rest of the cells in the image suggests that the blebbed cell was not abused in processing.

10 Embryonální mezenchym
What might look like a pile of fallen leaves with spider webs is actually cells crawling through a matrix to form the middle layer, the mesoderm, in a chick embryo that has been incubated about 24 hours. The current arrangement of these cells is termed mesenchyme -- loosely associated cells functioning as individuals in an extracellular matrix. There are three basic layers in an early embryo, and each of these layers has a mesenchymal component. Mesectoderm cells come from the neural crest, primordial germ cells migrate from extraembryonic endoderm to the gonad rudiments, and all of the mesoderm moves as mesenchyme at some point in early development. This scanning electron micrograph shows most of the mesenchyme cells as smooth-sided shapes apparently suspended in a web. That "web" is what remained of the extracellular matrix after this chick embryo was fixed, critical point dried and coated with thin layer of metal so that it could be viewed in an electron beam. Migrating cells use this web-matrix to move through embryonic spaces. Notice one cell in the middle that looks round and appears to have blisters. Cell biologists call these blisters blebs. Although blebs can be a sign of an abused or dying cell, they are also often a part of the surface of cells in the phase of the cell cycle called G2, just before the cell divides. We cannot be certain what the condition of this cell was just by looking at its exterior, but the good condition of the rest of the cells in the image suggests that the blebbed cell was not abused in processing.

11 Embryonální mezenchym
What might look like a pile of fallen leaves with spider webs is actually cells crawling through a matrix to form the middle layer, the mesoderm, in a chick embryo that has been incubated about 24 hours. The current arrangement of these cells is termed mesenchyme -- loosely associated cells functioning as individuals in an extracellular matrix. There are three basic layers in an early embryo, and each of these layers has a mesenchymal component. Mesectoderm cells come from the neural crest, primordial germ cells migrate from extraembryonic endoderm to the gonad rudiments, and all of the mesoderm moves as mesenchyme at some point in early development. This scanning electron micrograph shows most of the mesenchyme cells as smooth-sided shapes apparently suspended in a web. That "web" is what remained of the extracellular matrix after this chick embryo was fixed, critical point dried and coated with thin layer of metal so that it could be viewed in an electron beam. Migrating cells use this web-matrix to move through embryonic spaces. Notice one cell in the middle that looks round and appears to have blisters. Cell biologists call these blisters blebs. Although blebs can be a sign of an abused or dying cell, they are also often a part of the surface of cells in the phase of the cell cycle called G2, just before the cell divides. We cannot be certain what the condition of this cell was just by looking at its exterior, but the good condition of the rest of the cells in the image suggests that the blebbed cell was not abused in processing.

12 Rosolovité pojivo podobné embryonálnímu mezenchymu méně volných buněk
rosolovitá buněčná hmota (mucin) zárodky, v okolí orgánových základů, pupeční šňůra What might look like a pile of fallen leaves with spider webs is actually cells crawling through a matrix to form the middle layer, the mesoderm, in a chick embryo that has been incubated about 24 hours. The current arrangement of these cells is termed mesenchyme -- loosely associated cells functioning as individuals in an extracellular matrix. There are three basic layers in an early embryo, and each of these layers has a mesenchymal component. Mesectoderm cells come from the neural crest, primordial germ cells migrate from extraembryonic endoderm to the gonad rudiments, and all of the mesoderm moves as mesenchyme at some point in early development. This scanning electron micrograph shows most of the mesenchyme cells as smooth-sided shapes apparently suspended in a web. That "web" is what remained of the extracellular matrix after this chick embryo was fixed, critical point dried and coated with thin layer of metal so that it could be viewed in an electron beam. Migrating cells use this web-matrix to move through embryonic spaces. Notice one cell in the middle that looks round and appears to have blisters. Cell biologists call these blisters blebs. Although blebs can be a sign of an abused or dying cell, they are also often a part of the surface of cells in the phase of the cell cycle called G2, just before the cell divides. We cannot be certain what the condition of this cell was just by looking at its exterior, but the good condition of the rest of the cells in the image suggests that the blebbed cell was not abused in processing.

13 Buněčné pojivo vakukoly > pružnost a pevnost tkáně
chordoblasty > chordocyty > nahrazeno chrupavkou opora chapadel láčkovců, chorda dorsalis What might look like a pile of fallen leaves with spider webs is actually cells crawling through a matrix to form the middle layer, the mesoderm, in a chick embryo that has been incubated about 24 hours. The current arrangement of these cells is termed mesenchyme -- loosely associated cells functioning as individuals in an extracellular matrix. There are three basic layers in an early embryo, and each of these layers has a mesenchymal component. Mesectoderm cells come from the neural crest, primordial germ cells migrate from extraembryonic endoderm to the gonad rudiments, and all of the mesoderm moves as mesenchyme at some point in early development. This scanning electron micrograph shows most of the mesenchyme cells as smooth-sided shapes apparently suspended in a web. That "web" is what remained of the extracellular matrix after this chick embryo was fixed, critical point dried and coated with thin layer of metal so that it could be viewed in an electron beam. Migrating cells use this web-matrix to move through embryonic spaces. Notice one cell in the middle that looks round and appears to have blisters. Cell biologists call these blisters blebs. Although blebs can be a sign of an abused or dying cell, they are also often a part of the surface of cells in the phase of the cell cycle called G2, just before the cell divides. We cannot be certain what the condition of this cell was just by looking at its exterior, but the good condition of the rest of the cells in the image suggests that the blebbed cell was not abused in processing.

14 Tuková tkáň Tukové buňky (adipocyty) velké, polygonální až okrouhlé
tuková vakuola (bílé, jakoby prázdné buňky) cytoplazma stlačena na BM BS prokaryot – murein, pseudomurein

15 mezi sekrečními lalůčky žláz
Řídké vláknité pojivo nejrozšířenější výplňové pojivo proniká do všech tkání vyživuje je cévy, nervy fibrocyty, leukocyty, elastická a kolagenní vlákna, tkáňový mok ve svalech BS prokaryot – murein, pseudomurein mezi sekrečními lalůčky žláz

16 Preparáty Embryonální mezenchym (podle videa)
Retikulární pojivo (podle videa, 3 preparáty) Rosolovité pojivo z pupečníkové šňůře Buněčné pojivo Tukové pojivo Řídké vláknité pojivo (kůže kamzíka) Opalinka žabí (Opalina ranarum Ehrb.) Obsahuje mnoho jader. Na povrchu má brvy. Žije v tlustém střevě skokana zeleného. Hromadinka švábí (Gregarina blattarum Sieb.) Známý cizopasník ve střevě švábů. Cysty jsou obaleny silným hlenovitým obalem a uprostřed jsou spory, které vycházejí na povrch osmi až deseti kanálky.