2014 Výukový materiál GE Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/ Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR CHROMOSOMES
genetic information is concentrated mainly in the nucleus on chromosomes number and shape are typical for each biological species – see the table CHROMOSOMES
TABLE
eukaryotes are diploid organisms they have got 2 chromosome sets in the nucleus of body cell one set comes from female sexual cell = maternal origin the other set comes from male sexual cell = paternal origin chromosome number in a set => symbol n CHROMOSOMES
in the nucleus: 1) heterochromosomes – pair of sexual chromosomes 2) autosomes => two and two fully identical – homologous, pair chromosomes chromosomes of one pair have the same shape, size and the same genes they may not have the same forms of expressing genes– alleles CHROMOSOMES
genes are placed on chromosomes linearly behind each other each gene has its specific place = gene locus CHROMOSOMES
exact picture of chromosomes in nucleus of the individual= karyotype by all individuals of the same species identical declination determined by the sex CHROMOSOMES
metaphasal chromosome is formed by: two daughter chromatids chromatids connected with e centromere chromosomal arms according to placing the centromere there are described chromosomes: metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric and telocentric CHROMOSOMES
formation of karyotype is complicated after blood collection of a sample > alteration and cultivation in vitro dividing white blood cells stop in metaphase when chromosomes are best observable then they are fixed, coloured and photographed by analysis is to realize: number and morphology of chromosomes if the individual is not the bearer of mutation CHROMOSOMES
DESCRIBE THE PICTURE
CHALUPOVÁ-KARLOVSKÁ, Vlastimila. Obecná biologie: středoškolská učebnice : evoluce, biologie buňky, genetika : s 558 řešenými testovými otázkami. 2., opr. vyd. Olomouc: Nakladatelství Olomouc, 2010, 206 s. ISBN SOURCES