2014 CELL DIVISION - MITOSIS Výukový materiál MB Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/ Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR

 from one mother cell origin two daughter cells  in the nucleus – the same number of chromosomes as in the mother cell  mitosis ensures:  growth of the organism  substitution of damaged cells MITOSIS

PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE: M = MITOSIS  continuous, unbroken process  from 2n again 2n => from diploid again diploid  it consists of 4 phases:  prophase  metaphase  anaphase  telophase

 in the nucleus there appear chromosomes  spiralization + condensation of DNA threads  „S“ phase is finished far-off  chromosomes are doubled > from 2 sister chromatids  connected by a centromere  nuclear coverings fall apart  nucleolus disappears  dividing spindle originates (from microtubules) PROPHASE

 chromosomes best observable  chromosomes join in the place of the centromere to the threads of the dividing spindle  chromosomes concentrate in the equatorial plane  so called metaphasal plate METAPHASE

synthesis (replication) of DNA DNA chromosome 1 chromatid = 1 molecule DNA HOW MANY CHROMOSEMES HAS A CHROMATID?

 connection between sister chromosomes interrupts  separation of chromosomes in centromeres  complete division of sister chromatids  daughter chromosomes develop  Shortening of microtubules of the division spindle  chromosomes travel to the poles of the cell ANAPHASE

 death of division spindle  both new nuclei the same number of chromosomes  despiralization (decondensation) of chromosomes  renewal of nuclear coverings and nucleolus  the beginning of cytokinesis TELOPHASE

CELL DIVISION = CYTOKINESIS  it proceeds differently by the plant and animal cells  animal cells:  they divide by means of strangeling from the surface to the centre  > microfilaments under the surface  plant cells:  they divide by means of growth the cell partition from the centre to the surface, in the middle there is a big plate

PROPHASEMETAPHASEANAPHASE TELOPHASE MITOSIS

DESCRIBE THE PHASE AND ORGANIZE ACCORDING TO THE ORDER MITOSIS

THE SCHEME OF MIOTIC DIVISION

DESCRIBE THE PICTURE

MITOSIS – PUT THE PICTURES IN THE ORDER

SOURCES  CHALUPOVÁ-KARLOVSKÁ, Vlastimila. Obecná biologie: středoškolská učebnice : evoluce, biologie buňky, genetika : s 558 řešenými testovými otázkami. 2., opr. vyd. Olomouc: Nakladatelství Olomouc, 2010, 206 s. ISBN  KUBIŠTA, Václav. Obecná biologie: úvodní učební text biologie pro 1. ročník gymnázií. 3. upr. vyd. Praha: Fortuna, c2000, 103 s. ISBN  ZÁVODSKÁ, Radka. Biologie buněk: základy cytologie, bakteriologie, virologie. 1. vyd. Praha: Scientia, 2006, 160 s. ISBN