For internal use only 1© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Přetížení mobilních sítí, iPhone efekt, a co by nás tak ještě mohlo potkat.

For internal use only 2© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Co je za tím I. ? Většina operátorů mobilních sítí nedávno začala s masivním prodejem „Smartphones“ Google, iPhone, Nokia Aplikace, které umožňují uživatelům online připojení jsou velmi oblíbené , instant messaging, presence... Smartphone aplikace zatěžují signalizační kanály (tzv. Control Plane) daleko více než standardní služby typu CS, PS a HSPA. Zatížení signalizačních kanálů vyžaduje, aby operátoři mobilních sítí a jejich dodavatelé WCDMA RAN technologií přijali určitá opatření.

For internal use only 3© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Co je za tím II. ? Výrobci mobilních telefonů : „Musíme snížit spotřebu, jinak budou naši zakázníci nabíjet mobil i vícekrát denně: Fast Dormancy“ Vývojáři aplikací : „Naši klienti chtějí být online. Musíme jim to umožnit: Keep alive messages“ Operátoři mobilních sítí a jejich dodavatelé technologií : „Vše pro spokojenost klientů ! Jak ale optimalizovat síť, když do ní stále někdo vrtá“ Uživatel

For internal use only 4© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Some networks are suffering from Smartphones

For internal use only 5© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Trocha teorie.

For internal use only 6© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Radio Resource Control States Cell PCH Cell FACH URA PCH RRC Connection Establishment Dedicated Mode Idle Mode Cell PCH Cell FACH URA PCH RRC Connection Release Cell DCH RRC Connection Release

For internal use only 7© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Smart phone impact to HSPA networks 3GPP HSPA Radio Resource Control (RRC) States 3GPP standard 1. RRC states in WCDMA RAN are designed to allow low UE power consumption, high network efficiency low response times to services 2. Large amount of data is carried on Cell DCH state 3. Small amount of data is carried on Cell FACH 4. Cell/URA PCH state is used for UE power saving Cell DCH Cell FACH IDLE Cell/URA PCH >0.5 kB Data volumes <0.5 kB UE power consumption >200 mA >100 mA <5 mA = RRC connected = IDLE RAB setup

For internal use only 8© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Smart phone impact to HSPA networks 3GPP HSPA RRC State Changes 3GPP standard compliant solution: 1. RRC state changes are controlled by network parameters 2. Terminal is moved from Cell DCH to Cell FACH and further to Cell PCH based on inactivity. The typical optimized parameters are 2-3 seconds (use of short timers) 3. Optimal parameter settings use short times and are designed for low mobile (smart) phone power consumption and long battery life Cell DCH Cell FACH Idle Cell/URA PCH 2-3 s inactivity Data volume >0.5 kB = RRC connected = IDLE RAB setup NSN RNCs have these features included since many years (RAN1.5 onwards, 2003).

For internal use only 9© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Smart phone impact to HSPA networks 3GPP HSPA RRC State Changes 3GPP standard compliant solution: Cell PCH feature required to optimally support smart phone behavior. Positive effects: 1. Less RNC control plane capacity needed – Cell PCH state feature provides a major increase in number of UEs with RRC connection – Cell PCH state feature keep UEs in RRC connection state, no RAB setup 2. Longer battery life for smart phone – Complex RAB setup can be avoided from Idle state to Cell DCH state which consumes lots of control plane capacity Cell DCH Cell FACH Idle Cell/URA PCH 2-3 s inactivity = RRC connected = IDLE RAB setup NSN RNCs have had Cell PCH state supported for many years (RAN1.5 onwards, 2003).

For internal use only 10© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Cell/URA PCH Othernetworkswitchingbetweenthe RRC*states Data rate Idle *) RRC: Radio Resource Control 30 signaling messages 1. RRCconnReq 2. RRCconnSetup 3. L1sync 4. NBAPsync 5. UEonDCH 6. RRCconnSetupComplete 7. RRC:IDT 8. RANAP:InitialUEmessage 9. RANAP:CommonId 10. RANAP:SMC 11. RRC:SMC 12. RRC:SMComplete 13. RANAP:SMComplete 14. RANAP:RABassignmentReq 15. GTPtunnelSetup 16. RRC:RBsetup 17. RRC:RBsetupComplete 18. RANAP:RABassignmentResp 19. RRC:MControl(HO) 20. RRC:MControl(TVM) 21. UEonDCH but withoutu-plane DCH/HSPALong inactivity timer Time Long inactivity timer CELL_FACH Idle Data rate Time High Low Zero High Low Zero Optimizedstatemgmt. byNokiaSiemensNetworks PCH 4 signaling messages 1.RRC:CellUpdate 2.RRC:CUConfirm(C- RNTI) 3.RRC:UMIConfirm 4.UEonFACH with u- plane CELL_FACH inactive 150 ms 2 s2 s

For internal use only 11© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Cell/URA PCH Othernetworkswitchingbetweenthe RRC*states Idle *) RRC: Radio Resource Control 30 signaling messages 1. RRCconnReq 2. RRCconnSetup 3. L1sync 4. NBAPsync 5. UEonDCH 6. RRCconnSetupComplete 7. RRC:IDT 8. RANAP:InitialUEmessage 9. RANAP:CommonId 10. RANAP:SMC 11. RRC:SMC 12. RRC:SMComplete 13. RANAP:SMComplete 14. RANAP:RABassignmentReq 15. GTPtunnelSetup 16. RRC:RBsetup 17. RRC:RBsetupComplete 18. RANAP:RABassignmentResp 19. RRC:MControl(HO) 20. RRC:MControl(TVM) 21. UEonDCH but withoutu-plane DCH/HSPALong inactivity timer Time Long inactivity timer CELL_FACH Idle Data rate Time Optimizedstatemgmt. byNokiaSiemensNetworks PCH 4 signaling messages 1.RRC:CellUpdate 2.RRC:CUConfirm(C- RNTI) 3.RRC:UMIConfirm 4.UEonFACH with u- plane CELL_FACH inactive 150 ms 2 s2 s Low device power consumption with Nokia Siemens Networks Device power consumption >200 mA >100 mA <5 mA >200 mA >100 mA <5 mA

For internal use only 12© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Keep alive messages aneb vývojáři aplikací zasahují

For internal use only 13© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Always on applications create control plane load Many applications require always on connectivity for a good service experience. In order to maintain always on connectivity applications send keep-alive messages frequently. Keep alive message consumes control plane resources. Due to explosion of keep alive messages sent control plane load has sky rocketed in many WCDMA networks Keep alive messages make RNC change UE states frequently Keep alive messages Cell DCH Cell PCH / IDLE state

For internal use only 14© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Fast Dormancy aneb výrobci mobilních telefonů zasahují

For internal use only 15© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / 0%20%40%60%80%100% Pohled účastníka mobilní sítě: moje priority "future of mobility" survey Klíčové potřeby účastníka Zlepšená životnost baterie Fixní cena za přístup k internetu Nižší cena za mezinárodní roaming Voice over IP (VoIP) Zlepšený procesní výkon zařízení Zlepšené pokrytí v méně obydlených oblastech Aktivní “multiple SIM“ karta ve stejném zařízení

For internal use only 16© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Sudden changes in behaviour can happen In Smart phone dominated network changes can happen overnight, caused by new firmware or killer application For example iPhone user-friendly firmware upgrade makes upgrades unheard fast: in one network 50% of phones were upgraded within 1 week after the new firmware came available – boosting the impact of new firmware

For internal use only 17© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Smart phone impact to HSPA networks What Went Wrong? – Why Fast Dormancy was introduced DCH/ HSPA FACH RRC idle PCH Long timer Why is Cell PCH state needed in RNC? 1. When Cell PCH is not supported, operators are forced to use long timers to avoid frequent RAB setups – That leads to high UE power consumption with always-on applications 2. When UE power consumption was high, some UE vendors implemented so called “Fast Dormancy” functionality which releases RRC/RAB connection when data transmission is over. 3. Frequent RAB release/setups causes problems for network (RNC) capacity. Long timer Only NSN implemented Cell PCH state in their RNC (2003). Many operations are using Cell PCH power saving state

For internal use only 18© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / A co dál ?

For internal use only 19© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / 3GPP Solution 3GPP Release 8 (TS ) specified, network controlled Fast Dormancy functionality clarifying the UE behavior and providing the network with information of what the UE actually wants to do, but leaving the network in charge of the UE RRC state. That is, the UE is not allowed to release RRC connection and move to idle state on its own without network control. When RNC receives SCRI from UE with a special newly introduced cause value indicating the packet data session end, the RNC can command the UE to PCH state instead of releasing RRC connection and dropping the UE to idle state. Not yet implemented in networks, nor UEs

For internal use only 20© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / A co třeba úplně nová síť LTE ? Velmi rychlý “Link Adaptation“ (modulace dle kvality kanálu) Krátký TTI = 1 ms Transmission time interval Advanced Scheduling Time & Freq. (Frequency Selective Scheduling) TXRX Tx Rx MIMO Channel DL: OFDMA UL: SC-FDMA variabilita v šířce pásma HARQ: Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 64QAM Modulace NACKACK Rx Buffer Combined decoding

For internal use only 21© Nokia Siemens Networks R 255 G 211 B 8 R 255 G 175 B 0 R 127 G 16 B 162 R 163 G 166 B 173 R 137 G 146 B 155 R 175 G 0 B 51 R 52 G 195 B 51 R 0 G 0 B 0 R 255 G 255 B 255 Primary colours:Supporting colours: / Děkuji