SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Mgr. Naďa Bisová

Anotace Kód DUMu: VY_32_INOVACE_6.AJ.01 Číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/1.5.00/34.0114 Vytvořeno: září - říjen 2012 Ročník: 3. ročník a 4. ročník – čtyřleté gymnázium (RVP-G) Septima a Oktáva – osmileté gymnázium (RVP-G) Anotace: Tento materiál by vytvořen jako téma pro maturitní okruh: Science and Technology. Nature na Gymnáziu a JŠ Svitavy; přibližně na jednu, popřípadě více vyučovacích hodin (pro výklad i opakování – shrnutí učiva). Obsahuje jednak přehled faktografických údajů, tak i anglickou ustálenou terminologii, doplněné o interaktivní cvičení: otázky a rozhovory. Je primárně zaměřen na dva poslední ročníky gymnázia, i přesto se dá využít i v nižších ročnících osmiletého i čtyřletého studia vcelku nebo jeho jednotlivé části. Pomůcky: interaktivní tabule Vzdělávací oblast Jazyk a jazyková komunikace Vzdělávací obor Anglický jazyk Tematický okruh Science and Technology. Nature

Table of Contents The birth of technology – to 1760 1st Industrial revolution (1760-1840) 2nd Industrial revolution (the late 19th century - 1945) Scientific-technical Revolution (1945 - ) Future technology Female Inventors Speaking

The birth of technology - 1760 Tools, muscle power The wheel Gunpowder Printing Tools (first sharp tools used as weapons), muscle power The wheel - (around 4500 BC, the longest – used and important invention, alternative source of power - waterwheels and windmills) Gunpowder (substance, to make forward the bullet, Roger Bacon - English friar, philosopher) Printing – Johannes Guttenberg (the first mechanical printing machine in 1440s, the Bible)

The birth of technology - 1760 Lightning conductor - Benjamin Franklin (lightning a form of electricity), Prokop Diviš (lightning conductor) The telescope (a Dutch invention, improved by Galileo – the earth not the centre of the everything) Laws of motion and gravity – Isaac Newton (+ discovery: white light is composed of many colours) The star catalogue – Edmund Halley (published 1678) The star catalogue - the first to publish telescopically determined locations of southern stars, + he was the first to calculate the orbit of a comet later named after him – Halley´s Comet

1st Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1840) This process began in England in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. important machines invented the discovery of steam power (the invention of the steam engine) new methods of transport (railways, canals, roads) developed for transporting goods big factories were built → a wide variety of goods in large quantities produced

1st Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1840) the first big industry, cotton textile factories the populations of cities grew rapidly England changed from mostly agricultural to mostly industrial What inventions and discoveries of that period can you name? (the invention of machines for spinning) (people moved from the countryside to work in factories)

Great Britain Steam engine (developed by James Watt, to power factory machinery) Rocket - 1st locomotive (George Stephenson) Railways (rapid expansion throughout Britain and the world) Tunnels, viaducts and ships - Isambard Kingdom Brunel (great Victorian engineering projects) Isambard Kingdom Brunel (great Victorian engineering projects, The Great Western was the first steamship to travel across the Atlantic, The Great Eastern laid the first telegraph cable from Britain to America in 1858)

Great Britain 1.

2.

The USA Revolver – Samuel Colt Electromagnetic telegraph, Morse Code – Samuel Morse Cotton gin – Eli Whitney (machine for cleaning cotton of its seeds)

Europe Dynamite – Alfred Nobel (Swedish) The basis of modern photography - by Louis Daguerre Electric battery – Alessandro Volta Genetics – Georg Johann Mendel Ships 'crew propeller – Josef Ressel

2nd Industrial Revolution the late 19th century – 1945 Queen Victoria textiles, clothing, shoes, household and domestic items the Great Exhibition of 1851 electric power greater variety of textiles, clothing, shoes, household and domestic items The Great Exhibition of 1851 marked the peak of British economic dominance. At the heart of the Second Industrial Revolution was electric power

The success of the economy accompanied by: high unemployment poverty urban squalor harsh working conditions harsh living conditions

Great Britain The theory of evolution + The principle of natural selection – Charles Darwin The telephone – Alexander Graham Bell Penicillin – Sir Alexander Fleming The first clear television Pictures – John Loggie Baird Splitting the atom - John Cockcroft and Earnest Walton Dynamo – Michael Faraday Jet engine – Frank Whittle Jet engine – Frank Whittle (a British Royal Air Force engineer officer)

The USA The electric light bulb, a system of electric power distribution, + many others – Thomas Alva Edison Aeroplane flight - the Wright brothers Liquid fuelled rocket - Robert Goddard Fridge - Fred W. Wolf Jnr., Chicago

Europe Radium – Marie Curie Moving Pictures – A. and L. Lumiere Wireless (radio) – Guglielmo Marconi Internal Combustion Engine - Nicolas Otto Car – Karl Benz X-rays – Wilhelm Rontgen Radioactivity - Henri Becquerel Four blood groups – Jan Jánský Arc lamp – František Křižík Theory of relativity – Albert Einstein Polarography – Jaroslav Heyrovský

New Zealand Alpha, beta and gamma rays + ionizing nature of atom – Ernest Rutherford

Scientific-technical Revolution since 1945 - The main aspect of STR today is the information revolution. advances in digital technology, biotechnology, genetic engineering, nanotechnology, space exploration What inventions and discoveries of that period can you name?

Scientific-technical Revolution (1945 - ) Microchip – Jack Kilby CD – James Russel Personal Computers Mobile Phone The discovery of the structure of DNA – James Dewey Watson + F. Crick and M. Wilkins WWW + the Internet Soft contact lens – Otto Wichterle iPAD (Apple, 2010) IP telephones Microchip – Jack Kilby (American) CD – James Russel (the digital compact disc) Personal Computers (1976 Apple I, 1977 Apple II, 1981 IBM PC) Mobile Phone – Martin Cooper (portable cell phone) WWW (Tim Berners-Lee) + the Internet (the US government) IP telefony (telephone calls and videoconferencing from computer to computer for free e.g. Skype)

Future Technology will make life easier (e.g. advances in future electronics) will allow the generation of today to live longer (e.g. advances in medicine) will save energy (e.g. free energy through electromagnetic fields)

Future Technology Which of the inventions listed below would you like to use? Why? When? What for? Videophone screen The time machine Flying cars Robot E-paper Wristwatch phone GPS shoes Solar batteries Robotic surgery Smart homes and cars Addiction pill

Can you name any female inventors?

Anderson, Johanna (washing machine, 1890) Blanchard, Helen A Anderson, Johanna (washing machine, 1890) Blanchard, Helen A. (surgical needle, 1894) Oram, Elizabeth (globe for teaching geography, 1831) Stevenson, Louise (ice cream freezer, 1890) Whitney, Nina F. (electric alarm clock, 1894) Dr. Virginia Apgar (the Apgar scale, 1953) Gertrude Belle Elion (45 patents for life-saving drugs) Hopper, Grace M. (the computer compiler + user-friendly business programming language) Virginia Apgar - a professor of anaesthesiology, scores the new-born's heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response, and colour, used till now, immeditely after a birth Gertrude Belle Elion - a Nobel Prize winning biochemist Hopper, Grace M. - a US naval officer and mathematician

SPEAKING - role plays 1. Během pobytu v zahraničí na stipendiu máš k dispozici starý počítač, který využíváš společně se svým spolubydlícím. Navrhni prodat starý počítač a koupit nový Odmítni návrh vyžívat počítače v univerzitní knihovně Uveď alespoň 4 důvody, proč je podle tebe moderní počítač nezbytný

SPEAKING - role plays 2. Tvoje americká teta, která nemluví česky, ti chce koupit jako dárek walkman nebo digitální foťák. Nejsi z jejího nápadu nadšen. V rozhovoru s ní: Poděkuj za to, že ti teta chce udělat radost elektronickým přístrojem. Řekni, jaký jiný dárek bys raději chtěl dostat. Zdůvodni, k čemu ti bude sloužit.

Zdroje a použitá literatura FOTOGALERIE: Šmídová Zdislava Fučík Artur „Se souhlasem autora objektu“.

Zdroje a použitá literatura KNIŽNÍ ZDROJE: 1. SMITH-DLUHÁ, Gabrielle a kol. Angličtina, Otázky a odpovědi. Dubicko: INFOA, 2008, ISBN 978-80-7240-489-6. 2. ROBERTS, Rachel J.. Speak Up - The English-speaking World. Italy: Modern Languages, 2006, ISBN 88-493-0439. 3. TIERNEY, James. Carousel - the English-speaking world. Italy: Modern languages, 2006, ISBN 88-493-0355. 4. EL-HMOUDOVÁ, Dagmar. Angličtina - Maturitní témata. Český Těšín: Petra Velanová, Třebíč, 2006, ISBN 9788086873046. 5. CHUDÁ, Jana; CHUDÝ, Tomáš. Topics for English Conversation. Havlíčkův Brod: Fragment, 1996, ISBN 8072000519.

Zdroje a použitá literatura ELEKTRONICKÉ ZDROJE: AUTOR NEUVEDEN. BBC: History: Isaac Newton [online]. [cit. 22.10.2012]. Dostupný na WWW: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/newton_isaac.shtml>. AUTOR NEUVEDEN. BBC: History: Roger Bacon [online]. [cit. 3.10.2012]. Dostupný na WWW: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bacon_roger.shtml>. AUTOR NEUVEDEN. BBC: History: Benjamin Franklin [online]. [cit. 3.10.2012]. Dostupný na WWW: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/franklin_benjamin.shtml>. AUTOR NEUVEDEN. BBC: History: Edmond Halley [online]. [cit. 3.10.2012]. Dostupný na WWW: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/halley_edmond.shtml>. AUTOR NEUVEDEN. Future technology [online]. [cit. 13.10.2012]. Dostupný na WWW: <http://www.futuretechnology500.com/>.

Zdroje a použitá literatura ROBINSON, Bruce. BBC: History: All Change in the Victorian Age [online]. [cit. 22.10.2012]. Dostupný na WWW: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/speed_01.shtml>. AUTOR NEUVEDEN. BBC: Primary History - Famous People: Isambard Kingdom Brunel [online]. [cit. 22.10.2012]. Dostupný na WWW: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/famouspeople/isambard_kingdom_brunel/>. BELLIS, Mary. About.com: 19th Century - the technology, science, and inventions [online]. [cit. 22.10.2012]. Dostupný na WWW: <http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/Nineteenth.htm>. AUTOR NEUVEDEN. UNESCO: Science for the twenty-first century [online]. [cit. 22.10.2012]. Dostupný na WWW: <http://www.unesco.org/bpi/science/content/press/anglo/6.htm>. Veškeré hypertextové odkazy jsou platné ke dni vytvoření díla.